{"id":5019,"date":"2015-11-29T12:30:37","date_gmt":"2015-11-29T11:30:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.studinano.com\/?p=5019"},"modified":"2024-08-17T23:29:31","modified_gmt":"2024-08-17T22:29:31","slug":"de-lorgue-de-barbarie-a-nos-ordinateurs-une-histoire-de-trous","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/de-lorgue-de-barbarie-a-nos-ordinateurs-une-histoire-de-trous\/","title":{"rendered":"De l&rsquo;orgue de barbarie \u00e0 nos ordinateurs : une histoire de trous"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Temps de lecture&nbsp;: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 9<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span>\n<p>Avec les &eacute;v&egrave;nements de ces derniers jours, j&rsquo;ai envie de vous faire un peu <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>r&ecirc;ver<\/strong><\/span>. C&rsquo;est pourquoi je vous propose aujourd&rsquo;hui de nous arr&ecirc;ter sur cette vid&eacute;o dans laquelle vous allez pouvoir <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>red&eacute;couvrir un des classiques de Michael Jackson, Smooth Criminal<\/strong><\/span>, interpr&eacute;t&eacute;&hellip; &agrave; l&rsquo;<strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">orgue de barbarie<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video height=\"340\" style=\"aspect-ratio: 426 \/ 340;\" width=\"426\" controls src=\"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/video-orgue-de-barbarie-smooth-criminal-michael-jackson.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A l&rsquo;origine de cette prouesse, un certain <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Patrick Mathis<\/strong><\/span>, qui avoue sur <a href=\"http:\/\/patrickmathis.pagesperso-orange.fr\/Patrick%20Mathis.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">son site web<\/a> &ecirc;tre &laquo;&nbsp;tomb&eacute; dans le trou d&rsquo;un carton d&rsquo;orgue de barbarie en 1980 (&hellip;) et passe[r] tout son temps &agrave; composer ou arranger de la musique pour ses instruments et ceux des autres !&nbsp;&raquo;<br>Bref, un mordu ! Et &ccedil;a se voit. Et c&rsquo;est bien. C&rsquo;est m&ecirc;me super cool.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sommaire de l&rsquo;article<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><a href=\"#decouverte-des-automatophones\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">L&rsquo;orgue de barbarie : &agrave; la d&eacute;couverte des automatophones<\/a><br><a href=\"#siecles-des-automates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">XVIIe, XVIIIe, XIXe si&egrave;cle : ces si&egrave;cles qui aimaient les automates et les automatismes<\/a><br><a href=\"#ancetre-des-ordinateurs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">L&rsquo;orgue de barbarie : anc&ecirc;tre des ordinateurs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a id=\"decouverte-des-automatophones\"><\/a>L&rsquo;orgue de barbarie : &agrave; la d&eacute;couverte des automatophones<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"276\" height=\"300\" data-attachment-id=\"5026\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/de-lorgue-de-barbarie-a-nos-ordinateurs-une-histoire-de-trous\/orgue-de-barbarie\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/orgue-de-barbarie.png?fit=300%2C326&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"300,326\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\"}' data-image-title=\"orgue-de-barbarie\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Un orgue de barbarie.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Un orgue de barbarie.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/orgue-de-barbarie.png?fit=300%2C326&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/orgue-de-barbarie-276x300.png?resize=276%2C300\" alt=\"Un orgue de barbarie.\" class=\"wp-image-5026\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/orgue-de-barbarie.png?resize=276%2C300&amp;ssl=1 276w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/orgue-de-barbarie.png?resize=250%2C272&amp;ssl=1 250w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/orgue-de-barbarie.png?w=300&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 276px) 100vw, 276px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Un orgue de barbarie.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>L&rsquo;orgue de barbarie est l&rsquo;&eacute;trange <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>instrument<\/strong> <\/span>que Patrick Mathis actionne &agrave; l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;une sorte de <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>manivelle<\/strong> <\/span>tout au long de sa vid&eacute;o. C&rsquo;est un instrument qui n&rsquo;est pas tout jeune puisque son apparition date du <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">XVIII<sup>e<\/sup> si&egrave;cle<\/span><\/strong>. Mais certains indices laissent m&ecirc;me penser qu&rsquo;il pourrait avoir &eacute;t&eacute; invent&eacute; au moins un si&egrave;cle plus t&ocirc;t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il m&rsquo;est assez difficile de vous expliquer simplement comment fonctionne cet instrument. Sachez au moins que c&rsquo;est <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>un instrument &agrave; vent<\/strong><\/span>. Autrement dit, gr&acirc;ce &agrave; la manivelle qu&rsquo;il actionne, <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">le tourneur<\/span> <\/strong><span style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 8pt;\">(nom de celui qui &laquo;&nbsp;joue&nbsp;&raquo; de l&rsquo;orgue de barbarie)<\/span> fait entrer de l&rsquo;air dans la machinerie qui compose l&rsquo;instrument. Un syst&egrave;me de <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>soufflets<\/strong> <\/span>permet alors aux &laquo;&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>fl&ucirc;tes<\/strong><\/span>&nbsp;&raquo; <span style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 8pt;\">(les tuyaux de l&rsquo;orgue, que vous pouvez voir &agrave; l&rsquo;avant de l&rsquo;instrument)<\/span> de recevoir ou non de l&rsquo;air.&nbsp; Alors, quand celles-ci s&rsquo;actionnent ou non, au moment o&ugrave; <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>le papier perfor&eacute;<\/strong><\/span> laisse ou non passer l&rsquo;air jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; elles, les dites fl&ucirc;tent produisent le son et rendent <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">la m&eacute;lodie pr&eacute;-programm&eacute;e<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C&rsquo;est pour cette raison que l&rsquo;orgue de barbarie fait aussi partie des <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>automatophones<\/strong> <\/span>: les instruments qui jouent de la musique de fa&ccedil;on <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>automatique<\/strong><\/span>. En l&rsquo;occurrence, dans le cas de l&rsquo;orgue de barbarie, il &laquo;&nbsp;suffit&nbsp;&raquo; d&rsquo;actionner la <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>manivelle<\/strong> <\/span>pour d&eacute;rouler le papier perfor&eacute; qui produira la m&eacute;lodie. Encore faut-il poss&eacute;der le dit papier ou le composer soi-m&ecirc;me !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Toutefois, les automatophones ne sont pas tous des orgues de barbarie. Certains sont des instruments encore plus complexes. Dans la vid&eacute;o ci-dessous, vous pourrez par exemple voir un automatophone compos&eacute; de plusieurs instruments, dont <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>un piano<\/strong><\/span> et <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">un violon<\/span><\/strong> bien visibles. Vous constaterez cependant que sur ce mod&egrave;le aussi un papier perfor&eacute; sert de &laquo;&nbsp;pr&eacute;-programmation&nbsp;&raquo; &agrave; l&rsquo;instrument.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/nj_Vx7kMWts\" width=\"425\" height=\"350\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il existe des orgues de barbarie bien plus grands et bien plus complexes encore que celui utilis&eacute; par Patrick Mathis. On appelle ces instruments des <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Limonaires<\/strong><\/span>, du nom de la famille qui les rendit c&eacute;l&egrave;bres au XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si&egrave;cle. S&rsquo;ils peuvent &ecirc;tre portatifs, ils sont tout de m&ecirc;me beaucoup plus imposants que leurs petits fr&egrave;res.<br>Vous pouvez bien s&ucirc;r observer des tas d&rsquo;exemples de Limonaires, tous assez diff&eacute;rents les uns des autres, avec leurs particularit&eacute;s et d&eacute;tails qui vous feront craquer ou non. Certains sont immenses, d&rsquo;autres ne vous sembleront peut-&ecirc;tre pas si diff&eacute;rents des orgues de barbarie &laquo;&nbsp;standards&nbsp;&raquo; ; certains vous sembleront &ecirc;tre de v&eacute;ritables objets d&rsquo;art, d&rsquo;autres vous appara&icirc;tront comme des objets de foire rustiques. Toutefois, pour l&rsquo;anecdote, sachez qu&rsquo;il en existe un tr&egrave;s beau &agrave; <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>l&rsquo;Abbaye de Collonges<\/strong><\/span>, pr&egrave;s de Lyon, lieu de r&eacute;ception appartenant &agrave; nul autre que <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">Paul Bocuse<\/span><\/strong>, le c&eacute;l&eacute;brissime Chef. Je vous propose d&rsquo;en voir quelques photographies ci-dessous <span style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 8pt;\">(ch&eacute;ri, si tu cherches un endroit o&ugrave; m&rsquo;emmener d&icirc;ner &agrave; l&rsquo;occasion&hellip;)<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-3 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"804\" height=\"514\" data-attachment-id=\"5050\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/de-lorgue-de-barbarie-a-nos-ordinateurs-une-histoire-de-trous\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse.jpg?fit=804%2C514&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"804,514\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\"}' data-image-title=\"limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Limonaire de l&amp;rsquo;Abbaye de Collonges, Collonges-au-Mont-d&amp;rsquo;Or (pr&egrave;s de Lyon).&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Limonaire de l&amp;rsquo;Abbaye de Collonges, Collonges-au-Mont-d&amp;rsquo;Or (pr&egrave;s de Lyon).&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse.jpg?fit=804%2C514&amp;ssl=1\" data-id=\"5050\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse.jpg?resize=804%2C514&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Limonaire de l'Abbaye de Collonges, Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or (pr&egrave;s de Lyon).\" class=\"wp-image-5050\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse.jpg?w=804&amp;ssl=1 804w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse.jpg?resize=300%2C192&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse.jpg?resize=600%2C384&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse.jpg?resize=250%2C160&amp;ssl=1 250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 804px) 100vw, 804px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Limonaire de l&rsquo;Abbaye de Collonges, Collonges-au-Mont-d&rsquo;Or (pr&egrave;s de Lyon).<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-02.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"804\" height=\"514\" data-attachment-id=\"5051\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/de-lorgue-de-barbarie-a-nos-ordinateurs-une-histoire-de-trous\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-02\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-02.jpg?fit=804%2C514&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"804,514\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\"}' data-image-title=\"limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-02\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Limonaire de l&amp;rsquo;Abbaye de Collonges, Collonges-au-Mont-d&amp;rsquo;Or (pr&egrave;s de Lyon).&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Limonaire de l&amp;rsquo;Abbaye de Collonges, Collonges-au-Mont-d&amp;rsquo;Or (pr&egrave;s de Lyon).&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-02.jpg?fit=804%2C514&amp;ssl=1\" data-id=\"5051\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-02.jpg?resize=804%2C514&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Limonaire de l'Abbaye de Collonges, Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or (pr&egrave;s de Lyon).\" class=\"wp-image-5051\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-02.jpg?w=804&amp;ssl=1 804w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-02.jpg?resize=300%2C192&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-02.jpg?resize=600%2C384&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-02.jpg?resize=250%2C160&amp;ssl=1 250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 804px) 100vw, 804px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Limonaire de l&rsquo;Abbaye de Collonges, Collonges-au-Mont-d&rsquo;Or (pr&egrave;s de Lyon).<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-03.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"804\" height=\"514\" data-attachment-id=\"5052\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/de-lorgue-de-barbarie-a-nos-ordinateurs-une-histoire-de-trous\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-03\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-03.jpg?fit=804%2C514&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"804,514\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\"}' data-image-title=\"limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-03\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Limonaire de l&amp;rsquo;Abbaye de Collonges, Collonges-au-Mont-d&amp;rsquo;Or (pr&egrave;s de Lyon).&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Limonaire de l&amp;rsquo;Abbaye de Collonges, Collonges-au-Mont-d&amp;rsquo;Or (pr&egrave;s de Lyon).&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-03.jpg?fit=804%2C514&amp;ssl=1\" data-id=\"5052\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-03.jpg?resize=804%2C514&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Limonaire de l'Abbaye de Collonges, Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or (pr&egrave;s de Lyon).\" class=\"wp-image-5052\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-03.jpg?w=804&amp;ssl=1 804w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-03.jpg?resize=300%2C192&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-03.jpg?resize=600%2C384&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-03.jpg?resize=250%2C160&amp;ssl=1 250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 804px) 100vw, 804px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Limonaire de l&rsquo;Abbaye de Collonges, Collonges-au-Mont-d&rsquo;Or (pr&egrave;s de Lyon).<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-04-e1448751813377.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-attachment-id=\"5053\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/de-lorgue-de-barbarie-a-nos-ordinateurs-une-histoire-de-trous\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-04\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-04-e1448751813377.jpg?fit=1500%2C1000&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1500,1000\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\"}' data-image-title=\"limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-04\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Limonaire de l&amp;rsquo;Abbaye de Collonges, Collonges-au-Mont-d&amp;rsquo;Or (pr&egrave;s de Lyon).&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Limonaire de l&amp;rsquo;Abbaye de Collonges, Collonges-au-Mont-d&amp;rsquo;Or (pr&egrave;s de Lyon).&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-04-e1448751813377.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1\" data-id=\"5053\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/limonaire-abbaye-de-collonges-pierre-bocuse-04.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Limonaire de l'Abbaye de Collonges, Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or (pr&egrave;s de Lyon).\" class=\"wp-image-5053\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Limonaire de l&rsquo;Abbaye de Collonges, Collonges-au-Mont-d&rsquo;Or (pr&egrave;s de Lyon).<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/figure><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a id=\"siecles-des-automates\"><\/a>XVII<sup>e<\/sup>, XVIII<sup>e<\/sup>, XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si&egrave;cle : ces si&egrave;cles qui aimaient les automates et les automatismes<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Il n&rsquo;est pas particuli&egrave;rement &eacute;tonnant que l&rsquo;orgue de barbarie ait fait son apparition aux alentours du XVIII<sup>e<\/sup> si&egrave;cle car cette p&eacute;riode est riche en d&eacute;veloppements d&rsquo;<span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>automates<\/strong> <\/span>en tout genre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour comprendre, il faut voir les automates et, plus largement, les machines automatis&eacute;es de cette &eacute;poque comme toutes sortes d&rsquo;<span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>horloges tr&egrave;s perfectionn&eacute;es<\/strong><\/span>. Plut&ocirc;t que de donner l&rsquo;heure cependant, elles effectuent <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>m&eacute;caniquement<\/strong> <\/span>un ensemble de mouvements pr&eacute;d&eacute;finis &agrave; l&rsquo;aide de complexes embo&icirc;tements de rouages. C&rsquo;est aussi de cette fa&ccedil;on que fonctionnent les orgues de barbarie et les Limonaires : gr&acirc;ce &agrave; des <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>automatismes<\/strong><\/span>. En l&rsquo;occurrence, ceux-ci permettent de jouer de la musique <span style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 8pt;\">(il ne faut donc pas confondre un Limonaire, aussi grand soit-il et m&ecirc;me s&rsquo;il peut se composer d&rsquo;automates, avec une horloge astronomique, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.studinano.com\/lhorloge-astronomique-de-strasbourg\">comme celle de Strasbourg dont je vous avais d&eacute;j&agrave; parl&eacute; ici<\/a>, car celle-ci a pour but premier d&rsquo;indiquer le passage du temps et non d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre un instrument de musique)<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Or, le XVIII<sup>e<\/sup> si&egrave;cle est l&rsquo;&eacute;poque &agrave; laquelle <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Jacques de Vaucanson<\/strong><\/span> ou <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">la fratrie Jaquet-Droz<\/span><\/strong> enchantent les publics avec des <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">poup&eacute;es m&eacute;caniques<\/span><\/strong>, des <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">&laquo;&nbsp;anatomies mouvantes&nbsp;&raquo;<\/span><\/strong> <span style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 8pt;\">(Source :&nbsp;Chantal Spillemaecker, Bernard Roukhomovsky (pr&eacute;f.), <em>Vaucanson &amp; l&rsquo;homme artificiel : Des automates aux robots<\/em>, Grenoble, Presses Universitaires, coll. &laquo; HC Histoire &raquo;, 2010, p.9.)<\/span> &eacute;poustouflantes : des <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>automates<\/strong><\/span>, anc&ecirc;tres des <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">robots<\/span><\/strong>.<br>Pour permettre &agrave; leurs cr&eacute;ations de <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">se mouvoir <\/span><\/strong>de fa&ccedil;on particuli&egrave;rement complexe, ils usent de tous les &eacute;l&eacute;ments propres &agrave; l&rsquo;horlogerie et les m&eacute;canismes qu&rsquo;ils inventent ont tout de <a title=\"La machine d&rsquo;Anticyth&egrave;re\" href=\"http:\/\/www.studinano.com\/la-machine-danticythere\">la myst&eacute;rieuse machine d&rsquo;Anticyth&egrave;re<\/a>.<br>Leurs prouesses sont rendues possibles par l&rsquo;enrichissement de l&rsquo;art de l&rsquo;automatisation et, surtout, sa diversification. Rouages, m&eacute;canismes d&rsquo;horlogerie et, dans le cas de notre orgue de barbarie, de dr&ocirc;les de feuilles perfor&eacute;es qui passent sous un cylindre ; les <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>moyens d&rsquo;automatisation<\/strong><\/span> se perfectionnent, de complexifient, se r&eacute;inventent et permettent d&rsquo;obtenir des r&eacute;sultats aussi divers que vari&eacute;s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A peine un si&egrave;cle plus tard, &laquo; au seuil du XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si&egrave;cle [les automates deviennent des] objets de luxe [&hellip;] au m&ecirc;me titre que les bijoux. Ces chefs-d&rsquo;&oelig;uvre miniatures [sont] faits d&rsquo;or, d&rsquo;&eacute;mail, de perles, de pierres pr&eacute;cieuses [et] sont largement diffus&eacute;s en Europe et en Orient. &raquo; <span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #808080;\">(Source : Caroline Junier et al., <em>Automates et Merveilles : Une Exposition, 3 Villes, 3 Mus&eacute;es, 3 Catalogues<\/em>, Neuch&acirc;tel, Alphil, coll. &laquo; Image et patrimoine &raquo;, 2012, p.210.)<\/span> Ils deviennent des <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">objets de collection<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il faut dire que nous n&rsquo;avons conserv&eacute; jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; nos jours que tr&egrave;s peu d&rsquo;automates de ces grands cr&eacute;ateurs du XVIII<sup>e<\/sup> si&egrave;cle. L&rsquo;attrait provoqu&eacute; par ces machineries n&rsquo;en est que plus fort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En outre, un artiste comme Vaucanson est non seulement un concepteur d&rsquo;automates &eacute;patant mais aussi un &laquo; remarquable montreur [sachant] l&rsquo;art d&rsquo;exhiber ses m&eacute;caniques enchant&eacute;es &agrave; la mani&egrave;re d&rsquo;un bateleur. &raquo; <span style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 8pt;\">(Source :&nbsp; Collectif, <em>L&rsquo;Automate : Mod&egrave;le M&eacute;taphore Machine Merveille<\/em>, Bordeaux, Presses Universitaires, coll. &laquo; Mirabilia &raquo;, p.505.)<\/span> Cela n&rsquo;est pas surprenant car d&egrave;s l&rsquo;Antiquit&eacute;, <strong><em><span style=\"color: #000080;\">les machines illusionnistes<\/span><\/em><\/strong> font fureur, comme l&rsquo;atteste le succ&egrave;s des Pneumatiques de H&eacute;ron d&rsquo;Alexandrie, par exemple (Ier si&egrave;cle av. J.C.).<br>Au XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si&egrave;cle, cette mode s&rsquo;intensifie et des <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>inventeurs-prestidigitateurs<\/strong><\/span> donnent des spectacles qui trouvent encore un certain &eacute;cho aujourd&rsquo;hui. En t&eacute;moignent les spectacles actuels de magie, usant encore de certains tours con&ccedil;us &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;poque. Certains <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>prestidigitateurs<\/strong> <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #808080;\">(le plus connu du grand public &eacute;tant peut-&ecirc;tre Dani Lary, puisqu&rsquo;il passe r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement &agrave; la t&eacute;l&eacute;vision)<\/span> usent par exemple d&rsquo;une ambiance <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">steampunk<\/span> <\/strong><span style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 8pt;\">(pour en savoir plus sur le steampunk, vous pouvez <a title=\"Le Steampunk : bienvenue chez les h&eacute;ritiers de Jules Verne\" href=\"http:\/\/www.studinano.com\/le-steampunk-bienvenue-chez-les-heritiers-de-jules-verne\">lire ce pr&eacute;c&eacute;dent article<\/a>)<\/span> pour agr&eacute;menter leur prestation et la rendre plus <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>authentique<\/strong><\/span>, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire plus en accord avec l&rsquo;id&eacute;e que le spectateur d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui se fait des XVIII<sup>e<\/sup> et XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si&egrave;cles. Le succ&egrave;s des films comme <em>Le Prestige<\/em> ou <em>L&rsquo;illusionniste<\/em> t&eacute;moigne aussi de l&rsquo;engouement du public pour la magie au sein d&rsquo;univers <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Uchroniques&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;!-- wp:tadv\/classic-paragraph --&amp;gt;Le mot &laquo; uchronie &raquo; trouve son origine &eacute;tymologique dans la fusion du pr&eacute;fixe &laquo; u &raquo; (issu de la particule grecque &laquo; ou &raquo; signifiant &laquo; non &raquo;) avec le terme &laquo; chronos &raquo; signifiant &laquo; temps &raquo;. Cette combinaison de la n&eacute;gation et du suffixe temporel donne lieu &agrave; l&amp;#039;id&eacute;e d&amp;#039;un &laquo; non-temps &raquo; ou, pour le dire autrement, un temps qui n&amp;#039;a pas d&amp;#039;existence r&eacute;elle. Apparu au XIX&egrave;me si&egrave;cle, ce n&eacute;ologisme a &eacute;t&eacute; introduit par le philosophe fran&ccedil;ais Charles Renouvier. Il a initialement utilis&eacute; ce terme pour intituler son ouvrage paru en 1876, &laquo; &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Uchronie : l&rsquo;utopie dans l&rsquo;histoire - Esquisse historique apocryphe du d&eacute;veloppement de la civilisation europ&eacute;enne tel qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;a pas &eacute;t&eacute;, tel qu&rsquo;il aurait pu &ecirc;tre&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; &raquo;.&amp;lt;br\/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- \/wp:tadv\/classic-paragraph --&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/glossary\/uchroniques\/\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>uchroniques<\/a>. Dans <em>L&rsquo;illusionniste<\/em>, d&rsquo;ailleurs, l&rsquo;automate appel&eacute; <em>L&rsquo;Oranger merveilleux<\/em> de <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Robert Houdin<\/strong><\/span> est r&eacute;utilis&eacute;. Ce dernier <span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #808080;\">(Harry Houdini, l&rsquo;illustre prestidigitateur empruntera son nom)<\/span>, use de &laquo; l&rsquo;ing&eacute;niosit&eacute; de m&eacute;canismes secrets au service de tours de magie &raquo; <span style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 8pt;\">(Source : Jean-Bruno Renard, &laquo; Fant&ocirc;mes et oracles &agrave; l&rsquo;&egrave;re de la technologie &raquo;, in Politica Hermetica &ndash; Deus ex machina, n&deg;15, Lausanne, L&rsquo;Age d&rsquo;Homme, 2001, p.56)<\/span>. <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Science<\/strong> <\/span>et <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">art<\/span><\/strong>, par le biais de la <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>prestidigitation<\/strong><\/span>, se retrouvent r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement alli&eacute;es.<br>Les Jacquet-Droz manqueront d&rsquo;ailleurs de passer sur le b&ucirc;cher pour <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>sorcellerie<\/strong> <\/span>tant leurs cr&eacute;ations paraissent prodigieuses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a id=\"ancetre-des-ordinateurs\"><\/a>L&rsquo;orgue de barbarie : anc&ecirc;tre des ordinateurs<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Pourtant, point de magie dans toutes ces machines, sinon qu&rsquo;elles parviennent &agrave; nous faire imaginer le contraire. En fait, l&rsquo;art d&rsquo;utiliser des cylindres s&rsquo;appelle la <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>tonotechnie<\/strong><\/span>.<br>Le <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnrtl.fr\/definition\/tonotechnie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CNRTL<\/a> <span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #808080;\">(Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales)<\/span>, notamment con&ccedil;u par le CNRS et qui est ni plus ni moins que <strong><em>LE<\/em><\/strong> dictionnaire que vous devriez tous utiliser, nous apprend que la tonotechnie est <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>&laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;art de noter de la musique sur les cylindres des orgues de Barbarie, des tabati&egrave;res, pendules et tableaux &agrave; musique.&nbsp;&raquo;<\/strong><\/span> Le mot se compose notamment de l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ment &laquo;&nbsp;Tono&nbsp;&raquo; qui vient du grec signifiant &laquo;&nbsp;tension&nbsp;&raquo; ou &laquo;&nbsp;ton&nbsp;&raquo;.&nbsp; L&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ment &laquo;&nbsp;technie&nbsp;&raquo;, lui, vient aussi du grec et signifie &laquo;&nbsp;art&nbsp;&raquo; ou &laquo;&nbsp;m&eacute;tier&nbsp;&raquo;. La tonotechnie serait, pour faire simple, l&rsquo;art de donner le ton, le rythme gr&acirc;ce, en l&rsquo;occurrence, &agrave; des cylindres &agrave; picots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"375\" height=\"259\" data-attachment-id=\"5058\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/de-lorgue-de-barbarie-a-nos-ordinateurs-une-histoire-de-trous\/carte-perforee-ibm\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/carte-perforee-IBM.jpg?fit=375%2C259&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"375,259\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\"}' data-image-title=\"carte-perforee-IBM\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Exemple de carte perfor&eacute;e.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Exemple de carte perfor&eacute;e.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/carte-perforee-IBM.jpg?fit=375%2C259&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/carte-perforee-IBM.jpg?resize=375%2C259\" alt=\"Exemple de carte perfor&eacute;e.\" class=\"wp-image-5058\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/carte-perforee-IBM.jpg?w=375&amp;ssl=1 375w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/carte-perforee-IBM.jpg?resize=300%2C207&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/carte-perforee-IBM.jpg?resize=250%2C173&amp;ssl=1 250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Exemple de carte perfor&eacute;e.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Or, cette technologie qui peut sembler un peu incompr&eacute;hensible n&rsquo;est pas si &eacute;loign&eacute;e de celle que nous utilisons tous aujourd&rsquo;hui. Et oui ! Car s&rsquo;il y a une chose &agrave; laquelle les feuilles perfor&eacute;es de l&rsquo;orgue de barbarie font penser, c&rsquo;est aux <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>cartes &agrave; trous<\/strong><\/span> <span style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 8pt;\">(aussi surnomm&eacute;e la &laquo;&nbsp;carte IBM&nbsp;&raquo;, du nom de son principal &laquo;&nbsp;constructeur&nbsp;&raquo;)<\/span> utilis&eacute;es par <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">les premiers ordinateurs<\/span><\/strong>. Celles-ci ne diront rien aux plus jeunes lecteurs qui parcourront cette page mais mes parents, par exemple, ont eu l&rsquo;occasion d&rsquo;en manipuler eux-m&ecirc;mes, au d&eacute;but de leur carri&egrave;re professionnelle. Ca n&rsquo;est donc pas si vieux ! <span style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 8pt;\">(bon, un peu quand m&ecirc;me :D)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En fait, nous pouvons m&ecirc;me dire que nous utilisons toujours cette technologie car <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">le code binaire<\/span><\/strong>, fait de 0 et de 1, et qui forme la base de tous les objets num&eacute;riques d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui, n&rsquo;est que le digne successeur de la tonotechnie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.ina.fr\/player\/embed\/CAF97059686\/1\/1b0bd203fbcd702f9bc9b10ac3d0fc21\/560\/315\/0\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Je vais t&acirc;cher de vous expliquer &ccedil;a avec l&rsquo;exemple de cette vid&eacute;o d&rsquo;archive de l&rsquo;INA, datant du 21 octombre 1960. Le pr&eacute;sentateur de l&rsquo;&eacute;poque, L&eacute;on Zitrone, interviewe un fabriquant de machines utilisant des cartes perfor&eacute;es. Ses machines sont alors capables de trier 700 cartes par minute. On nous explique que cela permet de faire du tri de fa&ccedil;on beaucoup rapide, automatis&eacute;e et que l&rsquo;op&eacute;ration peut &ecirc;tre r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;e une infinit&eacute; de fois. Autrement dit, vous pouvez voir voir ces cartes perfor&eacute;es comme <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">les &laquo;&nbsp;anc&ecirc;tres&nbsp;&raquo; des r&eacute;sultats que vous affiche Google quand vous y effectuez une recherche<\/span><\/strong> : si vous tapez &laquo;&nbsp;Studinano&nbsp;&raquo; dans votre moteur de recherche pr&eacute;f&eacute;r&eacute;, par exemple, il vous affichera une liste plus ou moins longue de r&eacute;sultats, allant du plus probable au plus &eacute;loign&eacute;. Et bien, les cartes perfor&eacute;es avaient notamment ce r&ocirc;le-l&agrave;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sur le site d&rsquo;IBM, qui fut le principal concepteur des cartes perfor&eacute;es, on&nbsp; nous explique que chaque &laquo;&nbsp;trou&nbsp;&raquo; correspond &agrave; &laquo;&nbsp;un &eacute;l&eacute;ment de donn&eacute;e (1 bit)&nbsp;&raquo;. Autrement dit, la carte perfor&eacute;e est <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">un moyen de stockage de donn&eacute;es<\/span><\/strong> comme peuvent l&rsquo;&ecirc;tre nos clefs USB d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"50\" height=\"88\" data-attachment-id=\"1725\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/la-machine-danticythere\/guillemet\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/guillemet-e1420592160233.png?fit=50%2C88&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"50,88\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\"}' data-image-title=\"guillemet\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/guillemet-e1420592160233.png?fit=50%2C88&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/guillemet-e1420592160233.png?resize=50%2C88\" alt=\"guillemet\" class=\"wp-image-1725\"\/><\/figure><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #333399;\"><em><span style=\"font-family: book antiqua,palatino;\">&laquo;&nbsp;La premi&egrave;re ic&ocirc;ne de l&rsquo;&egrave;re de l&rsquo;information est peut-&ecirc;tre une simple carte perfor&eacute;e produite par IBM, g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement connue comme la &laquo;carte IBM&raquo;. Mesurant approximativement 19 x 8 cm, ce morceau de papier est sans pr&eacute;tention, c&rsquo;est certain. Mais, regroup&eacute;es, les cartes IBM contiennent presque toutes les informations mondiales connues pendant un peu moins d&rsquo;un demi-si&egrave;cle &mdash; un exploit m&ecirc;me d&rsquo;apr&egrave;s les mesures d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui. Elle grandit en popularit&eacute; durant la grande crise de 1929, et est rapidement adopt&eacute;e tant dans le monde du traitement de l&rsquo;information que dans celui de la culture populaire. (&hellip;) Pendant pr&egrave;s de 40 ans, c&rsquo;est le principal support utilis&eacute; pour stocker, trier et relever les donn&eacute;es trait&eacute;es d&rsquo;abord par du mat&eacute;riel m&eacute;canographique, puis par des ordinateurs.&nbsp;&raquo;<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Source : <a href=\"http:\/\/www-03.ibm.com\/ibm\/history\/ibm100\/fr\/fr\/icons\/punchcard\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">La carte perfor&eacute;e IBM <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" data-attachment-id=\"5044\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/de-lorgue-de-barbarie-a-nos-ordinateurs-une-histoire-de-trous\/mecanisme-jacquard-musee-des-arts-et-metiers-paris\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/mecanisme-jacquard-musee-des-arts-et-metiers-paris.jpg?fit=800%2C1067&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"800,1067\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\"}' data-image-title=\"mecanisme-jacquard-musee-des-arts-et-metiers-paris\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;M&eacute;canisme Jacquard expos&eacute; au Mus&eacute;e des Arts et M&eacute;tiers de Paris&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;M&eacute;canisme Jacquard expos&eacute; au Mus&eacute;e des Arts et M&eacute;tiers de Paris&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/mecanisme-jacquard-musee-des-arts-et-metiers-paris.jpg?fit=768%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/mecanisme-jacquard-musee-des-arts-et-metiers-paris-225x300.jpg?resize=225%2C300\" alt=\"M&eacute;canisme Jacquard expos&eacute; au Mus&eacute;e des Arts et M&eacute;tiers de Paris\" class=\"wp-image-5044\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/mecanisme-jacquard-musee-des-arts-et-metiers-paris.jpg?resize=225%2C300&amp;ssl=1 225w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/mecanisme-jacquard-musee-des-arts-et-metiers-paris.jpg?resize=768%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/mecanisme-jacquard-musee-des-arts-et-metiers-paris.jpg?resize=600%2C800&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/mecanisme-jacquard-musee-des-arts-et-metiers-paris.jpg?resize=250%2C333&amp;ssl=1 250w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/mecanisme-jacquard-musee-des-arts-et-metiers-paris.jpg?w=800&amp;ssl=1 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">M&eacute;canisme Jacquard expos&eacute; au Mus&eacute;e des Arts et M&eacute;tiers de Paris<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Mais il est aussi int&eacute;ressant de savoir que <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>les m&eacute;tiers &agrave; tisser Jacquard<\/strong><\/span>, datant du tout d&eacute;but du XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si&egrave;cle, utilisaient d&eacute;j&agrave; des cartes &agrave; trous de ce genre pour fonctionner <span style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 8pt;\">(voir la photographie ci-contre)<\/span>. Elles faisaient d&eacute;j&agrave; office de <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">&laquo;&nbsp;programme&nbsp;&raquo;<\/span><\/strong> <span style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 8pt;\">(oui, comme un &laquo;&nbsp;programme&nbsp;&raquo; informatique) <\/span>servant &agrave; faire r&eacute;aliser tel ou tel motif par les machines. Or, ces machines utilisaient notamment une technologie &agrave; base de <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>cylindres grav&eacute;s<\/strong><\/span> <span style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 8pt;\">(revoil&agrave; notre tonotechnie !)<\/span>, mise au point par Jacques de Vaucanson, dont je vous parlais plus haut. Ce dernier, en effet, concevait non seulement des automates mais fut aussi charg&eacute; d&rsquo;automatiser <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>les manufactures de soie<\/strong><\/span>. On se dit alors que tout est &eacute;trangement li&eacute;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bref, tout &ccedil;a pour dire que vous ne le savez sans doute pas mais, finalement, <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">chaque fois que vous manipulez un ordinateur, vous tissez<\/span><\/strong>. D&rsquo;autant plus maintenant que nous surfons tous all&eacute;grement sur <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>&laquo;&nbsp;la toile&nbsp;&raquo;<\/strong><\/span>.<br>Alors, comme disait le po&egrave;te <strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">&laquo;&nbsp;j&rsquo;fais des p&rsquo;tits trous, des p&rsquo;tits trous, encore des p&rsquo;tits trous&hellip;&nbsp;&raquo;<\/span><\/strong> <span style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 8pt;\">(allez, je ne r&eacute;siste pas, je vous propose d&rsquo;&eacute;couter cette magnifique chanson ci-dessous, interpr&eacute;t&eacute;e par un Gainsbourg tout jeune, en 1959)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/E8ZCvYg5-ZQ?version=3&amp;rel=1&amp;showsearch=0&amp;showinfo=1&amp;iv_load_policy=1&amp;fs=1&amp;hl=fr-FR&amp;autohide=2&amp;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure><hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cet article vous a plu ? Ou pas ? Vous avez des questions, des suggestions, des corrections, des informations compl&eacute;mentaires &agrave; apporter ? Ou juste un avis sur la question ? <a href=\"http:\/\/www.studinano.com\/de-lorgue-de-barbarie-a-nos-ordinateurs-une-histoire-de-trous#respond\">N&rsquo;h&eacute;sitez pas &agrave; laisser un commentaire !<\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"><p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Sources :<\/strong><\/span><br><a href=\"http:\/\/patrickmathis.pagesperso-orange.fr\/Patrick%20Mathis.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Site web de Patrick Mathis<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/patrickmathis.pagesperso-orange.fr\/Patrick%20Mathis.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><br><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bocuse.fr\/flash-fr.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Site de Pierre Bocuse (et de l&rsquo;Abbaye de Collonges)<\/a><\/span><br><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnrtl.fr\/definition\/tonotechnie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">La tonotechnie (CNRTL)<\/a><\/span><br><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"> <a href=\"http:\/\/www-03.ibm.com\/ibm\/history\/ibm100\/fr\/fr\/icons\/punchcard\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">La carte perfor&eacute;e IBM<\/a><\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Temps de lecture&nbsp;: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 9<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span>Avec les &eacute;v&egrave;nements de ces derniers jours, j&rsquo;ai envie de vous faire un peu r&ecirc;ver. C&rsquo;est pourquoi je vous propose aujourd&rsquo;hui de nous arr&ecirc;ter sur cette vid&eacute;o dans laquelle vous allez pouvoir red&eacute;couvrir un des classiques de Michael Jackson, Smooth Criminal, interpr&eacute;t&eacute;&hellip; &agrave; l&rsquo;orgue de barbarie. A l&rsquo;origine de cette prouesse, un certain Patrick Mathis, [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5051,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"De l'orgue de barbarie \u00e0 nos ordinateurs : une histoire de trous http:\/\/wp.me\/p4XjvG-1iX #Art #Insolite","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[3645,6516,6518,1],"tags":[4107,3445,4388,4390,121,4044,4048,4046,4047,4045,4054,4063,5064,4087,4083,4091,4059,4092,4085,2040,4109,4110,4082,4064,3043,4111,4058,4103,4055,4095,4094,596,597,598,4075,4090,4089,3687,4038,4053,4039,4078,4113,4079,4099,4100,4069,4071,4105,4088,4112,1616,3655,4114,3743,4568,4043,4101,807,4068,4097,4106,4036,4040,868,1655,4034,4033,4057,4041,4037,5063,4061,4060,4067,4070,4086,3969,4076,4062,4065,4066,4074,4533,4534,4072,4073,3277,1133,4104,4035,2231,4080,4056,4077,4547,4093,4096,1196,4081,4042,4084,4102,1302,3680,3271,4578,1342,4051,4052,4049,4050],"class_list":["post-5019","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-culture","category-culture-a-la-carte","category-grands-et-petits-ecrans","category-art-de-rien","tag-abbaye-de-collonges","tag-archives","tag-art","tag-artiste","tag-automate","tag-automatique","tag-automatiquement","tag-automatise","tag-automatiser","tag-automatisme","tag-automatophone","tag-binaire","tag-bocuse","tag-calculateurs","tag-carte-a-trous","tag-carte-ibm","tag-carte-perforee","tag-cartes-ibm","tag-cartes-perforees","tag-chanson","tag-chef","tag-chef-cuisinier","tag-cnrtl","tag-code-binaire","tag-computer","tag-cuisinier","tag-cylindre","tag-cylindre-de-vaucanson","tag-flute","tag-histoire-de-linformatique","tag-histoire-de-lordinateur","tag-horloge","tag-horloge-astronomique","tag-horlogerie","tag-houdini","tag-ibm","tag-ina","tag-insolite","tag-instrument","tag-instrument-a-vent","tag-instrument-de-musique","tag-inventeur","tag-inventeurs-prestidigitateurs","tag-invention","tag-jacquard","tag-jacquart","tag-jacques-de-vaucanson","tag-jacquet-droz","tag-le-poinconneur-des-lilas","tag-leon-zitrone","tag-limonaire","tag-machine-danticythere","tag-machines","tag-machines-illusionnistes","tag-magicien","tag-magie","tag-manivelle","tag-manufactures-de-soie","tag-mecanisme","tag-mecanismes","tag-metiers-a-tisser","tag-metiers-a-tisser-jacquard","tag-michael-jackson","tag-music","tag-musique","tag-ordinateur","tag-orgue","tag-orgue-de-barbarie","tag-papier-perfore","tag-partition","tag-patrick-mathis","tag-paul-bocuse","tag-pc","tag-personal-computer","tag-piano","tag-pierre-jacquet-droz","tag-premiers-ordinateurs","tag-prestidigitateur","tag-prestidigitation","tag-programmation","tag-programme","tag-programmer","tag-robert-houdin","tag-robot","tag-robotique","tag-robotisation","tag-robotiser","tag-robots","tag-science","tag-serge-gainsbourg","tag-smooth-criminal","tag-song","tag-sorcellerie","tag-soufflet","tag-spectacle-de-magie","tag-steampunk","tag-stockage","tag-stockage-de-donnees","tag-strasbourg","tag-tonotechnie","tag-tourneur","tag-trous","tag-vaucanson","tag-video","tag-videos","tag-violon","tag-xixe-siecle","tag-xixeme-siecle","tag-xviie-siecle","tag-xviieme-siecle","tag-xviiie-siecle","tag-xviiieme-siecle"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>De l&#039;orgue de barbarie \u00e0 nos ordinateurs : une histoire de trous<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"D&#039;un morceau de Michael Jackson jou\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#039;orgue de barbarie, je vous explique comment ces instruments fabuleux ont donn\u00e9 naissance \u00e0 nos ordinateurs.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/de-lorgue-de-barbarie-a-nos-ordinateurs-une-histoire-de-trous\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"De l&#039;orgue de barbarie \u00e0 nos ordinateurs : une histoire de trous\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"D&#039;un morceau de Michael Jackson jou\u00e9 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Les fen\u00eatres du Palais ont \u00e9t\u00e9\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Blog&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Blog","link":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/category\/blog_\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Palacio de Cristal, Milan, par Kimsooja","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/palacio_de_crsital.jpg?fit=840%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/palacio_de_crsital.jpg?fit=840%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/palacio_de_crsital.jpg?fit=840%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/palacio_de_crsital.jpg?fit=840%2C1090&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":9441,"url":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/les-cartes-de-voeux-un-voyage-dans-le-temps-pour-les-fetes\/","url_meta":{"origin":5019,"position":3},"title":"Les cartes de v\u0153ux : un voyage dans le temps pour les f\u00eates","author":"Studinano","date":"18 d\u00e9cembre 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Les cartes de v\u0153ux : une tradition europ\u00e9enne pleine d\u2019histoire Les f\u00eates de fin d\u2019ann\u00e9e sont souvent synonymes de retrouvailles, de chaleur et de traditions. Parmi elles, une coutume \u00e0 la fois ancienne et universelle : l\u2019envoi de cartes de v\u0153ux. Aujourd\u2019hui, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e8re des messages instantan\u00e9s et des e-mails,\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Blog&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Blog","link":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/category\/blog_\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Carte de v\u0153ux, John Callcott Horsley, 1843, Angleterre. \u00a9 Victoria and Albert Museum, Londres.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Henry-Cole-John-Calcott-Horsley-The-first-Christmas-card-1843-premiere-carte-de-noel_fichiers.jpg?fit=1200%2C816&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Henry-Cole-John-Calcott-Horsley-The-first-Christmas-card-1843-premiere-carte-de-noel_fichiers.jpg?fit=1200%2C816&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Henry-Cole-John-Calcott-Horsley-The-first-Christmas-card-1843-premiere-carte-de-noel_fichiers.jpg?fit=1200%2C816&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Henry-Cole-John-Calcott-Horsley-The-first-Christmas-card-1843-premiere-carte-de-noel_fichiers.jpg?fit=1200%2C816&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Henry-Cole-John-Calcott-Horsley-The-first-Christmas-card-1843-premiere-carte-de-noel_fichiers.jpg?fit=1200%2C816&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1701,"url":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/la-machine-danticythere\/","url_meta":{"origin":5019,"position":4},"title":"La machine d&rsquo;Anticyth\u00e8re","author":"Studinano","date":"12 septembre 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Avez-vous d\u00e9j\u00e0 entendu parler de la machine d'Anticyth\u00e8re ? C'est une machine tout \u00e0 fait fabuleuse qui a bien failli \u00eatre perdue \u00e0 jamais. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9e, tout-\u00e0-fait par hasard, pr\u00e8s de l'\u00eele grecque d'Anticyth\u00e8re, au d\u00e9but du XXe si\u00e8cle. L'\u00c9ph\u00e8be d'Anticyth\u00e8re, bronze, v. 340-330 av. J.-C., Mus\u00e9e national\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Blog&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Blog","link":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/category\/blog_\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Photographie du fragment principal de la machine d'Anticyth\u00e8re","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Machine-d-Anticyth%C3%A8re-Grece-Athene.jpg?fit=1036%2C924&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Machine-d-Anticyth%C3%A8re-Grece-Athene.jpg?fit=1036%2C924&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Machine-d-Anticyth%C3%A8re-Grece-Athene.jpg?fit=1036%2C924&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Machine-d-Anticyth%C3%A8re-Grece-Athene.jpg?fit=1036%2C924&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":667,"url":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/un-appartement-abandonne-depuis-70-ans-est-retrouve-a-paris\/","url_meta":{"origin":5019,"position":5},"title":"Un appartement abandonn\u00e9 depuis 70 ans est retrouv\u00e9 \u00e0 Paris","author":"Studinano","date":"27 avril 2013","format":false,"excerpt":"Voil\u00e0 qui n'arrive pas tous les jours : \u00e0 Paris, un appartement a \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9 alors qu'il n'avait plus \u00e9t\u00e9 ouvert depuis 70 ans. C'est une v\u00e9ritable capsule temporelle que renfermait l'habitation, meubl\u00e9e \u00e0 la parisienne, comme \u00e0 la fin du XIX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle-d\u00e9but XX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle. Solange Beaugiron, la petite-fille de\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Blog&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Blog","link":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/category\/blog_\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Appartement abandonn\u00e9 depuis 70 ans \u00e0 Paris","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/paris-appartement-abandonne-depuis-70-ans-france.jpg?fit=1200%2C791&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/paris-appartement-abandonne-depuis-70-ans-france.jpg?fit=1200%2C791&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/paris-appartement-abandonne-depuis-70-ans-france.jpg?fit=1200%2C791&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/paris-appartement-abandonne-depuis-70-ans-france.jpg?fit=1200%2C791&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/paris-appartement-abandonne-depuis-70-ans-france.jpg?fit=1200%2C791&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5019","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5019"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5019\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5051"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5019"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5019"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studinano.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5019"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}